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<title>Colin Chapman</title>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other persons named Colin Chapman, see <a href="Colin_Chapman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Colin Chapman (disambiguation)">Colin Chapman (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Colin Chapman</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">CBE</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="Royal_Designer_for_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Designer for Industry">RDI</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Chapman in 1965</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1928-05-19</span>)</span>19 May 1928<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="Richmond%2C_London" title="Richmond, London">Richmond</a>, Surrey, England<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 December 1982<span style="display:none">(1982-12-16)</span> (aged 54)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, <a href="Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gainsboro;"><a href="Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> World Championship career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="FIA_Super_Licence#Nationality_of_drivers" title="FIA Super Licence">Nationality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active years</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="1956_Formula_One_season" title="1956 Formula One season">1956</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Teams</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Vanwall" title="Vanwall">Vanwall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entries</th><td class="infobox-data">1 (0 starts)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="List_of_Formula_One_World_Drivers'_Champions" title="List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions">Championships</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="List_of_Formula_One_Grand_Prix_winners" title="List of Formula One Grand Prix winners">Wins</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Podiums</th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Career points</th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="List_of_Formula_One_polesitters" title="List of Formula One polesitters">Pole positions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="List_of_Formula_One_drivers_who_set_a_fastest_lap" title="List of Formula One drivers who set a fastest lap">Fastest laps</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First entry</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="1956_French_Grand_Prix" title="1956 French Grand Prix">1956 French Grand Prix</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

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<p><b>Anthony Colin Bruce Chapman</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span></span> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="Royal_Designer_for_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Designer for Industry">RDI</a></span></span> (19 May 1928 – 16 December 1982) was an English design engineer, inventor, and builder in the automotive industry, and founder of the <a href="Sports_car" title="Sports car">sports car</a> company <a href="Lotus_Cars" title="Lotus Cars">Lotus Cars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Chapman founded Lotus in 1952 and initially ran Lotus in his spare time, assisted by a group of enthusiasts. His knowledge of the latest <a href="Aeronautical_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronautical engineering">aeronautical engineering</a> techniques would prove vital towards achieving the major automotive technical advances for which he is remembered. Chapman's design philosophy focused on cars with light weight and fine <a href="Car_handling" class="mw-redirect" title="Car handling">handling</a> instead of bulking up on <a href="Horsepower" title="Horsepower">horsepower</a> and <a href="Spring_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring rate">spring rates</a>, which he famously summarised as "Adding power makes you faster on the straights. Subtracting weight makes you faster everywhere."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Team_Lotus" title="Team Lotus">Team Lotus</a> won seven Formula One <a href="List_of_Formula_One_World_Constructors'_Champions" title="List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions">Constructors' titles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> six <a href="List_of_Formula_One_World_Drivers'_Champions" title="List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions">Drivers' Championships</a>, and the <a href="Indianapolis_500" title="Indianapolis 500">Indianapolis 500</a> in the United States, between 1962 and 1978 under his direction. The production side of Lotus Cars has built tens of thousands of relatively affordable, cutting edge sports cars. Lotus is one of but a handful of English performance car builders still in business after the <a href="Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">industrial decline</a> of the 1970s.

</p><p>Chapman suffered a fatal heart attack in 1982, aged 54.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div>

<p>Anthony Colin Bruce Chapman was born on 19 May 1928 in <a href="Richmond%2C_London" title="Richmond, London">Richmond</a>, Surrey,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and brought up at 44 Beech Drive, on the border of <a href="Muswell_Hill" title="Muswell Hill">Muswell Hill</a> in <a href="London" title="London">London</a> N2. His father ran The Railway Hotel on <a href="Tottenham_Lane" title="Tottenham Lane">Tottenham Lane</a> next to <a href="Hornsey_railway_station" title="Hornsey railway station">Hornsey Railway Station</a>. Chapman attended the <a href="Stationers'_Company's_School" title="Stationers' Company's School">Stationers' Company's School</a> in Mayfield Road.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div>

<p>Chapman studied <a href="Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">structural engineering</a> at <a href="University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, joining the <a href="University_of_London_Air_Squadron" title="University of London Air Squadron">University of London Air Squadron</a> and learning to fly. He left UCL without a degree in 1948, resitting his final mathematics paper in 1949<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and obtaining his degree a year late.

</p><p>Chapman briefly joined the <a href="Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> in 1948, being offered a permanent commission but turning this down in favour of a swift return to civilian life. After a couple of false starts Chapman joined the <a href="British_Aluminium" title="British Aluminium">British Aluminium</a> company, using his civil engineering skills to attempt to sell <a href="Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> as a viable structural material for buildings.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2></div>

<p>In 1948, Chapman designed the <a href="Lotus_Mk1" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Mk1">Mk1</a>, a modified <a href="Austin_7" title="Austin 7">Austin 7</a>, which he entered privately into local <a href="Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">racing</a> events. He named the car "Lotus"; he never confirmed the reason, but one of several theories is that it was after his then-girlfriend (later wife) Hazel, whom he nicknamed "<a href="Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus blossom</a>". With the prize money, he developed the <a href="Lotus_Mk2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Mk2">Lotus Mk2</a>. Around this time, Chapman began to show his ability to think of ways to become more competitive while remaining within the rules. One early car had a 6 port head with 4 exhaust and two inlet ports. Chapman realised that better flow characteristics (and therefore more power) could be achieved with an 8 port head, but lacking the resources to have one made, he reversed the port functions and de-siamesed the old inlet ports. With appropriate <a href="Manifold_(fluid_mechanics)" title="Manifold (fluid mechanics)">manifolds</a> and a new <a href="Camshaft" title="Camshaft">camshaft</a>, his engine outclassed the opposition until the rules were changed to outlaw the specific changes he had made. With continuing success on through the <a href="Lotus_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus 6">Lotus 6</a>, he began to sell <a href="Kit_car" title="Kit car">kits</a> of these cars. Over 100 were sold through 1956. It was with the <a href="Lotus_Seven" title="Lotus Seven">Lotus 7</a> in 1957 that things really took off, and indeed <a href="Caterham_Cars" title="Caterham Cars">Caterham Cars</a> still manufacture a version of that car today – the <a href="Caterham_7" title="Caterham 7">Caterham 7</a>; there have been over 90 different Lotus 7 clones, replicas and derivatives offered to the public by a variety of makers.

</p>

<p>In the 1950s, Chapman progressed through the motor racing formulae, designing and building a series of racing cars, sometimes to the point of maintaining limited production as they were so successful and highly sought after, until he arrived in <a href="Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a>. Besides his engineering work, he also piloted a <a href="Vanwall_(Formula_One_team)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanwall (Formula One team)">Vanwall</a> F1-car in 1956 but crashed into his teammate <a href="Mike_Hawthorn" title="Mike Hawthorn">Mike Hawthorn</a> during practice for the <a href="1956_French_Grand_Prix" title="1956 French Grand Prix">French Grand Prix</a> at <a href="Reims-Gueux" title="Reims-Gueux">Reims</a>, ending his career as a race driver and focusing him on the technical side. Along with <a href="John_Cooper_(car_maker)" title="John Cooper (car maker)">John Cooper</a>, he revolutionised the premier <a href="Motor_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor sport">motor sport</a>. Their small, lightweight mid-engined vehicles gave away much in terms of power, but superior <a href="Car_handling" class="mw-redirect" title="Car handling">handling</a> meant their competing cars often beat the all-conquering front engined <a href="Scuderia_Ferrari" title="Scuderia Ferrari">Ferraris</a> and <a href="Maserati_in_motorsport" title="Maserati in motorsport">Maseratis</a>. Eventually, with driver <a href="Jim_Clark" title="Jim Clark">Jim Clark</a> at the wheel of his race cars, <a href="Team_Lotus" title="Team Lotus">Team Lotus</a> appeared as though they could win whenever they pleased. With Clark driving the <a href="Lotus_25" title="Lotus 25">Lotus 25</a>, Team Lotus won its first <a href="1963_Formula_One_season" title="1963 Formula One season">F1 World Championship in 1963</a>. It was Clark, driving a Lotus 38 at the <a href="Indianapolis_500" title="Indianapolis 500">Indianapolis 500</a> in 1965, who drove the first-ever <a href="Mid-engine_design" title="Mid-engine design">mid-engined car</a> to victory at the "Brickyard". Clark and Chapman became particularly close and Clark's death in 1968 devastated Chapman, who publicly stated that he had lost his best friend.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among a number of automotive figures who have been Lotus employees over the years were <a href="Cosworth" title="Cosworth">Cosworth</a> founders <a href="Mike_Costin" title="Mike Costin">Mike Costin</a> and <a href="Keith_Duckworth" title="Keith Duckworth">Keith Duckworth</a>, and <a href="Graham_Hill" title="Graham Hill">Graham Hill</a> who worked at Lotus as a mechanic as a means of earning drives. In 1966, it was Chapman who persuaded the <a href="Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> to sponsor Cosworth's development of what would become the <a href="Cosworth_DFV" title="Cosworth DFV">DFV race engine</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Innovations_and_legacy">Innovations and legacy</h2></div>

<p>Many of Chapman's ideas can still be seen in Formula One and other top-level motor sport, such as <a href="Indy_Racing_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Indy Racing League">IndyCars</a>, into the 21st century. He pioneered the use of <a href="Strut" title="Strut">struts</a> as a rear <a href="Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">suspension</a> device. Struts used in the rear of a vehicle are known as <a href="Chapman_strut" title="Chapman strut">Chapman struts</a>, while virtually identical suspension struts for the front are known as <a href="MacPherson_struts" class="mw-redirect" title="MacPherson struts">MacPherson struts</a> that were invented ten years earlier in 1949.

</p>

<p>Chapman's next major innovation was popularising <a href="Monocoque" title="Monocoque">monocoque</a> <a href="Chassis" title="Chassis">chassis</a> construction within automobile racing, with the revolutionary 1962 <a href="Lotus_25" title="Lotus 25">Lotus 25</a> Formula One car. The technique resulted in a body that was both lighter and stronger, and also provided better driver protection in the event of a crash. Although a previously little-used concept in the world of motorsport, the first vehicle to feature such a chassis was the road-going 1922 <a href="Lancia_Lambda" title="Lancia Lambda">Lancia Lambda</a>. Lotus had been an early adopter of this technology with the 1958 <a href="Lotus_Elite" title="Lotus Elite">Lotus Elite</a>. The modified monocoque body of the car was made of <a href="Fibreglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibreglass">fibreglass</a>, making it also one of the first production cars made of <a href="Composite_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite materials">composite materials</a>.

</p><p>When American Formula One driver <a href="Dan_Gurney" title="Dan Gurney">Dan Gurney</a> first saw the Lotus 25 at the Dutch Grand Prix at <a href="Circuit_Zandvoort" title="Circuit Zandvoort">Zandvoort</a>, he was so struck by the advanced design that he invited Chapman to the 1962 Indianapolis 500, where Gurney made his Indy début at the wheel of a space-frame rear engined car designed by <a href="John_Crosthwaite" title="John Crosthwaite">John Crosthwaite</a> (who had previously worked for Chapman) and built by American hot-rodder Mickey Thompson.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the race, Chapman prepared a proposal to Ford Motor Company for an <a href="Aluminium_alloy" title="Aluminium alloy">aluminium alloy</a> monocoque Indianapolis car using a 4.2-litre aluminium V-8 Ford passenger car engine. Ford accepted the proposal. The Lotus 29 debuted at Indianapolis in 1963, with Jim Clark finishing second. This design concept fairly quickly replaced what had been for many decades the standard design formula in racing-cars, the tube-frame chassis. Although the material has changed from sheet aluminium to <a href="Carbon_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fibre">carbon fibre</a>, this remains today the standard technique for building top-level racing cars.

</p><p>Inspired by <a href="Jim_Hall_(race_car_driver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Hall (race car driver)">Jim Hall</a>, Chapman was among those who helped introduce <a href="Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a> into Formula One car design. Lotus used the concept of positive aerodynamic downforce, through the addition of wings, at a <a href="Tasman_Formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasman Formula">Tasman Formula</a> race in early 1968, although <a href="Scuderia_Ferrari" title="Scuderia Ferrari">Ferrari</a> and <a href="Brabham" title="Brabham">Brabham</a> were the first to use them in a Formula One race at the <a href="1968_Belgian_Grand_Prix" title="1968 Belgian Grand Prix">1968 Belgian Grand Prix</a>. Early versions, in 1968 and 1969, were mounted 3 feet (0.91 m) or so above the car, to operate in 'clean air' (air that would not otherwise be disturbed by the passage of the car). The underdesigned wings and struts failed regularly, however, compelling the <a href="F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l'Automobile" title="Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile">FIA</a> to require the wing mounting hardware to be attached directly to the sprung chassis. Chapman also originated the movement of radiators away from the front of the car to the sides, to decrease frontal area (lowering aerodynamic drag) and centralising weight distribution. These concepts remain features of virtually all high performance racing cars today.

</p><p>Chapman, working with Tony Rudd and Peter Wright, pioneered the first Formula One use of "<a href="Ground_effect_in_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground effect in cars">ground effect</a>", where a low pressure was created under the car by use of the <a href="Venturi_effect" title="Venturi effect">Venturi effect</a>, generating suction (downforce) which held it securely to the road whilst cornering. Early designs utilized sliding "skirts" which made contact with the ground to keep the area of low pressure isolated.

</p>

<p>Chapman next planned a car that generated all of its downforce through ground effect, eliminating the need for wings and the resulting drag that reduces a car's speed. The culmination of his efforts, the <a href="Lotus_79" title="Lotus 79">Lotus 79</a>, dominated the <a href="1978_Formula_One_season" title="1978 Formula One season">1978</a> championship. However, skirts were eventually banned because they were susceptible to damage, for example from driving over a kerb, whereafter downforce would be lost and the car could then become unstable. The FIA made moves to eliminate ground effect in Formula One by raising the minimum ride height of the cars from <a href="1981_Formula_One_World_Championship" title="1981 Formula One World Championship">1981</a> and requiring flat bottom cars from <a href="1983_Formula_One_World_Championship" title="1983 Formula One World Championship">1983</a>. Car designers have managed to claw back much of that downforce through other means, aided by extensive <a href="Wind_tunnel" title="Wind tunnel">wind tunnel</a> testing.

</p><p>One of his last major technical innovations was a dual-chassis Formula One car, the <a href="Lotus_88" title="Lotus 88">Lotus 88</a> in <a href="1981_Formula_One_World_Championship" title="1981 Formula One World Championship">1981</a>. For ground effect of that era to function most efficiently, the aerodynamic surfaces needed to be precisely located and this led to the chassis being very stiffly sprung. However, this was very punishing to the driver, resulting in driver fatigue. To get around this, Chapman introduced a car with two chassis. One chassis (where the driver would sit) was softly sprung. The other chassis (where the skirts and such were located) was stiffly sprung. Although the car passed scrutineering at a couple of races, other teams protested, and it was never allowed to race. The car was never developed further. The banning of the car led to Chapman becoming depressed and disillusioned with Grand Prix racing.

</p><p>Chapman, whose father was a successful <a href="Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">publican</a>, was also a businessman and innovator in the business end of racing. He introduced major advertising <a href="Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">sponsorship</a> into auto racing; beginning the process which transformed Formula One from a pastime of rich gentlemen to a multi-million <a href="Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound</a> high technology enterprise. He was among the first entrants in Formula One to turn their cars into rolling billboards for non-automotive products, initially with the cigarette brands Gold Leaf and, most famously, <a href="John_Player_%26_Sons" title="John Player & Sons">John Player Special</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DeLorean_scandal">DeLorean scandal</h3></div>

<p>From 1978 until his death, Chapman was involved with the American tycoon <a href="John_DeLorean" title="John DeLorean">John DeLorean</a>, in his development of a <a href="Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> sports car to be built in a factory in <a href="Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, which was majority-funded by the UK government. The original concept design was for a mid-engine sports car, but difficulty in securing the original <a href="Wankel_engine" title="Wankel engine">Wankel engine</a> rights and design complications led to the rear-engine mount design.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This project would eventually evolve into the <a href="DMC_DeLorean" title="DMC DeLorean">DMC DeLorean</a>.

</p><p>On 19 October 1982, John DeLorean was charged with trafficking <a href="Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> by the US Government, following a videotaped <a href="Sting_operation" title="Sting operation">sting operation</a> at a hotel in <a href="Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, in which he was recorded by undercover <a href="FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> agents agreeing to bankroll a 100 kilograms (220 lb) cocaine smuggling operation. <a href="DeLorean_Motor_Company" title="DeLorean Motor Company">DeLorean Motor Cars</a> subsequently collapsed, during which administrators discovered that £10,000,000 of British taxpayers' money (approximately equivalent to £36 million in 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had gone missing.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Lotus Group's 1981 accounts were overdue before Chapman's death, but, when released after his death, disclosed that Lotus had been paid for engineering work by DeLorean via a <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>-based <a href="Panama" title="Panama">Panamanian</a> company run by a DeLorean distributor, despite Chapman's previous protestations that neither he nor the company had been paid via Panama. Chapman died before the full deceit unravelled, but, at the subsequent trial of Lotus Group accountant Fred Bushell, who had funnelled £5 million to himself in the fraud,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the trial judge opined that, had Chapman himself been in the dock, he would have received a sentence "of at least 10 years".<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The car's engineering concept was later sold by the UK Government appointed<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> administrators to <a href="Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>, who used it to develop the <a href="AW11_MR2" class="mw-redirect" title="AW11 MR2">AW11 MR2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The liquidators also recovered around £20 million from Swiss bank accounts controlled by Chapman and John DeLorean.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div>

<p>Chapman was married to Hazel Chapman (1927–2021).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had two daughters and one son.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div>

<p>The night before he died, Chapman watched a performance by his long-time friend and Lotus customer <a href="Chris_Barber" title="Chris Barber">Chris Barber</a>, the noted <a href="Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> <a href="Trombone" title="Trombone">trombonist</a>, and his band. On 16 December 1982, Team Lotus tested the first Formula One car with <a href="Active_suspension" title="Active suspension">active suspension</a>, which eventually made its début with the <a href="Lotus_99T" title="Lotus 99T">Lotus 99T</a> in <a href="1987_Formula_One_World_Championship" title="1987 Formula One World Championship">1987</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapman suffered a fatal <a href="Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> on the same day at his home in <a href="Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, and died at the age of 54.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Complete_Formula_One_World_Championship_results">Complete Formula One World Championship results</h2></div>

<p>(key)

</p>

<th>Year

</th>

<th>Entrant

</th>

<th>Chassis

</th>

<th>Engine

</th>

<th>1

</th>

<th>2

</th>

<th>3

</th>

<th>4

</th>

<th>5

</th>

<th>6

</th>

<th>7

</th>

<th>8

</th>

<th>WDC

</th>

<th>Points

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<th><a href="Vanwall" title="Vanwall">Vandervell Products Ltd.</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Vanwall" title="Vanwall">Vanwall</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Vanwall" title="Vanwall">Vanwall</a> 2.5l <a href="Straight-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight-4">Straight-4</a>

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th>NC

</th>

<th>0

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="14"><div class="center"><span style="font-size: 85%;">Source:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div>

</th></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2></div>

<ul><li>He was awarded "Mike's Mug" by the <a href="Royal_Aero_Club" title="Royal Aero Club">Royal Aero Club</a> in 1961.</li>

<li>He was voted <i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> 'Young Businessman of the Year' in 1970.</li>

<li>He was appointed a <a href="Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> in the <a href="1970_New_Year_Honours" title="1970 New Year Honours">1970 New Year Honours</a> for services to Exports.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>He was made a <a href="Royal_Designer_for_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Designer for Industry">Royal Designer for Industry</a> for Automotive Design in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>He was inducted in the <a href="International_Motorsports_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Motorsports Hall of Fame">International Motorsports Hall of Fame</a> in 1994.</li>

<li>He was inducted in the <a href="Motorsports_Hall_of_Fame_of_America" title="Motorsports Hall of Fame of America">Motorsports Hall of Fame of America</a> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFSchuon1982" class="citation news cs1">Schuon, Marshall (17 December 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/12/17/obituaries/colin-chapman-54-a-designer-of-racing-cars-dies-in-england.html">"COLIN CHAPMAN ,54, A DESIGNER OF RACING CARS, DIES IN ENGLAND"</a>. <i><a href="New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gérard ('Jabby') Crombac, <i>Colin Chapman: The Man and His Cars</i> (Patrick Stephens, Wellingborough, 1986) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-85960-844-2</bdi> Page 15</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401144920/http://cars.about.com/od/lotus/fr/10_lotus_evora.htm">"2010 Lotus Evora test drive"</a>. About.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cars.about.com/od/lotus/fr/10_lotus_evora.htm">the original</a> on 1 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Williamson2010" class="citation web cs1">Martin Williamson (28 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.espnf1.com/f1/motorsport/story/18419.html">"Lotus breaks its F1 duck"</a>. <i>ESPN F1</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hornseyhistorical.org.uk/hornsey-birthplace-lotus-cars/">"Hornsey: Birthplace Of Lotus Cars"</a>. <i>Hornsey Historical Society</i>. 24 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mike Lawrence, <i>Colin Chapman Wayward Genius</i> (Breedon Books Publishing, 2003) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-85983-278-4</bdi></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Clark-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clark_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcAleer2016" class="citation web cs1">McAleer, Brendan (4 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedrive.com/article/2438/jim-clark-and-colin-chapman-had-a-language-all-their-own">"Jim Clark and Colin Chapman Had a Language All Their Own: Together, they changed racing forever"</a>. TheDrive.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Car and Driver</i> magazine August 1962</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hot Rod</i> magazine August 1962</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Motor</i> magazine August 1962</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Indianapolis 500 Mile Race USAC Yearbook 1962. Floyd Clymer</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Road & Track</i> magazine September 1962</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lotuseleven.org/Book%20Reviews/Colin%20Chapman%20-%20Wayward%20Genius.htm">"Colin Chapman - Wayward Genius"</a>. <i>www.lotuseleven.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/motorsport/formulaone/3039669/Dark-clouds-taint-Lotus-founder-Colin-Chapman.html">"Dark clouds taint Lotus founder Colin Chapman"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 14 December 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Lawrence-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2002" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Mike (2002). <i>Wayward Genius</i>. Breedon Books.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/imported/de-lorean-aide-bushell-dies-28253342.html">"De Lorean aide Bushell dies"</a>. <i>belfasttelegraph</i>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.autosport.com/f1/news/co-founder-of-lotus-hazel-chapman-dies-aged-94/6885056/">"Co-founder of Lotus Hazel Chapman dies aged 94"</a>. <i>www.autosport.com</i>. 14 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uniquecarsandparts.com.au/race_drivers_colin_chapman.htm">"Colin Chapman (1928–1982)"</a>. Unique Cars and Parts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSmall1994" class="citation book cs1">Small, Steve (1994). <i>The Guinness Complete Grand Prix Who's Who</i>. Guinness. p. 410. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0851127029</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGazette44999" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/44999/supplement/8">"No. 44999"</a>. <i><a href="The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 30 December 1969. p. 8.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royaldesignersforindustry.org/rdi/past">"Royal Designers for Industry"</a>. <i><a href="Royal_Designers_for_Industry" title="Royal Designers for Industry">Royal Designers for Industry</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mshf.com/hall-of-fame/inductees/colin-chapman.html">Colin Chapman</a> at the <a href="Motorsports_Hall_of_Fame_of_America" title="Motorsports Hall of Fame of America">Motorsports Hall of Fame of America</a></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="G%C3%A9rard_Crombac" title="Gérard Crombac">Gérard ('Jabby') Crombac</a>, <i>Colin Chapman: The Man and His Cars</i> (Patrick Stephens, Wellingborough, 1986) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-85960-844-2</bdi></li>

<li>Hugh Haskell, <i>Colin Chapman Lotus Engineering</i> (Osprey Publishing, 1993) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-85532-872-0</bdi></li>

<li>Mike Lawrence, <i>Colin Chapman Wayward Genius</i> (Breedon Books Publishing, 2003) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-85983-278-4</bdi></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Ludvigsen" title="Karl Ludvigsen">Karl Ludvigsen</a>, <i>Colin Chapman: Inside the Innovator</i> (Haynes Publishing, 2010) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-84425-413-2</bdi></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Colin_Chapman" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Colin Chapman">Colin Chapman</a></span>.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Colin_Chapman" class="extiw external" title="q:Special:Search/Colin Chapman">Colin Chapman</a></b></i>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddavid.com/formula1/chap_bio.htm">Colin Chapman biography by Dennis David</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121010180218/http://www.ddavid.com/formula1/chap_bio.htm">Archived</a> 10 October 2012 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080414154528/http://web.mac.com/dennisgray711/grayincolor/Colin_Chapman_files/Colen%20Chapman_1.jpg">Picture of Colin Chapman, Long Beach F-1</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006055503/http://www.colinchapmanmuseum.org.uk/Index.htm">The Colin Chapman Museum and Education Centre</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Team_Lotus245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Team_Lotus" title="Team Lotus"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#D3D2D2">Team Lotus</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#1C5637; color:#D3D2D2; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #F1BD18, inset -1px -1px 0 #F1BD18;"><div id="Personnel33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Personnel</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C5637; color:#D3D2D2; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #F1BD18, inset -1px -1px 0 #F1BD18;;width:1%">Founder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C5637; color:#D3D2D2; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #F1BD18, inset -1px -1px 0 #F1BD18;;width:1%">Notable personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Frank_Coppuck" title="Frank Coppuck">Frank Coppuck</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Dernie" title="Frank Dernie">Frank Dernie</a></li>

<li><a href="G%C3%A9rard_Ducarouge" title="Gérard Ducarouge">Gérard Ducarouge</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Philippe" title="Maurice Philippe">Maurice Philippe</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Warr" title="Peter Warr">Peter Warr</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Wright_(engineer)" title="Peter Wright (engineer)">Peter Wright</a></li>

<li><a href="Len_Terry" title="Len Terry">Len Terry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#1C5637; color:#D3D2D2; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #F1BD18, inset -1px -1px 0 #F1BD18;"><div id="Drivers37" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Drivers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C5637; color:#D3D2D2; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #F1BD18, inset -1px -1px 0 #F1BD18;;width:1%">Notable drivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Mario_Andretti" title="Mario Andretti">Mario Andretti</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Italy" title="Italy"></a></span></span> <a href="Elio_de_Angelis" title="Elio de Angelis">Elio de Angelis</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Jim_Clark" title="Jim Clark">Jim Clark</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Martin_Donnelly_(racing_driver)" title="Martin Donnelly (racing driver)">Martin Donnelly</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil"></a></span></span> <a href="Emerson_Fittipaldi" title="Emerson Fittipaldi">Emerson Fittipaldi</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Finland" title="Finland"></a></span></span> <a href="Mika_H%C3%A4kkinen" title="Mika Häkkinen">Mika Häkkinen</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Johnny_Herbert" title="Johnny Herbert">Johnny Herbert</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Graham_Hill" title="Graham Hill">Graham Hill</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Belgium" title="Belgium"></a></span></span> <a href="Jacky_Ickx" title="Jacky Ickx">Jacky Ickx</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Nigel_Mansell" title="Nigel Mansell">Nigel Mansell</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Japan" title="Japan"></a></span></span> <a href="Satoru_Nakajima" title="Satoru Nakajima">Satoru Nakajima</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Sweden" title="Sweden"></a></span></span> <a href="Gunnar_Nilsson" title="Gunnar Nilsson">Gunnar Nilsson</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Sweden" title="Sweden"></a></span></span> <a href="Ronnie_Peterson" title="Ronnie Peterson">Ronnie Peterson</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil"></a></span></span> <a href="Nelson_Piquet" title="Nelson Piquet">Nelson Piquet</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Argentina" title="Argentina"></a></span></span> <a href="Carlos_Reutemann" title="Carlos Reutemann">Carlos Reutemann</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Austria" title="Austria"></a></span></span> <a href="Jochen_Rindt" title="Jochen Rindt">Jochen Rindt</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil"></a></span></span> <a href="Ayrton_Senna" title="Ayrton Senna">Ayrton Senna</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="John_Surtees" title="John Surtees">John Surtees</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Derek_Warwick" title="Derek Warwick">Derek Warwick</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Italy" title="Italy"></a></span></span> <a href="Alex_Zanardi" title="Alex Zanardi">Alex Zanardi</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C5637; color:#D3D2D2; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #F1BD18, inset -1px -1px 0 #F1BD18;;width:1%">World Champions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Graham_Hill" title="Graham Hill">Graham Hill</a></span></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#1C5637; color:#D3D2D2; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #F1BD18, inset -1px -1px 0 #F1BD18;"><div id="Cars1183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cars</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C5637; color:#D3D2D2; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #F1BD18, inset -1px -1px 0 #F1BD18;;width:1%"><a href="Formula_One" title="Formula One"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#D3D2D2">Formula One</span></a> cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C5637; color:#D3D2D2; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #F1BD18, inset -1px -1px 0 #F1BD18;;width:1%"><a href="Formula_Two" title="Formula Two"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#D3D2D2">Formula Two</span></a> cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C5637; color:#D3D2D2; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #F1BD18, inset -1px -1px 0 #F1BD18;;width:1%"><a href="Formula_Three" title="Formula Three"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#D3D2D2">Formula Three</span></a> cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C5637; color:#D3D2D2; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #F1BD18, inset -1px -1px 0 #F1BD18;;width:1%"><a href="Formula_Junior" title="Formula Junior"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#D3D2D2">Formula Junior</span></a> cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C5637; color:#D3D2D2; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #F1BD18, inset -1px -1px 0 #F1BD18;;width:1%"><a href="Formula_Ford" title="Formula Ford"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#D3D2D2">Formula Ford</span></a> cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C5637; color:#D3D2D2; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #F1BD18, inset -1px -1px 0 #F1BD18;;width:1%"><a href="Formula_5000" title="Formula 5000"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#D3D2D2">Formula 5000</span></a> cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C5637; color:#D3D2D2; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #F1BD18, inset -1px -1px 0 #F1BD18;;width:1%"><a href="Tasman_Series" title="Tasman Series"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#D3D2D2">Tasman Series</span></a> cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C5637; color:#D3D2D2; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #F1BD18, inset -1px -1px 0 #F1BD18;;width:1%"><a href="Indianapolis_500" title="Indianapolis 500"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#D3D2D2">Indianapolis 500</span></a> cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C5637; color:#D3D2D2; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #F1BD18, inset -1px -1px 0 #F1BD18;;width:1%"><a href="Sports_car_racing" title="Sports car racing"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#D3D2D2">Sports racing</span></a> cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#1C5637; color:#D3D2D2; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #F1BD18, inset -1px -1px 0 #F1BD18;"><div id="Formula_One_titles346" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Formula One titles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C5637; color:#D3D2D2; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #F1BD18, inset -1px -1px 0 #F1BD18;;width:1%"><a href="List_of_Formula_One_World_Drivers'_Champions" title="List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#D3D2D2">Drivers' titles</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C5637; color:#D3D2D2; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #F1BD18, inset -1px -1px 0 #F1BD18;;width:1%"><a href="List_of_Formula_One_World_Constructors'_Champions" title="List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#D3D2D2">Constructors' titles</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lotus_Cars_timeline97" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;table-layout:fixed;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lotus_Cars_timeline97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Lotus_Cars" title="Lotus Cars">Lotus Cars</a> timeline</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div style="overflow:auto">

</td>

<td colspan="10" width="12.5%">1950s

</td>

<td colspan="10" width="12.5%">1960s

</td>

<td colspan="10" width="12.5%">1970s

</td>

<td colspan="10" width="12.5%">1980s

</td>

<td colspan="10" width="12.5%">1990s

</td>

<td colspan="10" width="12.5%">2000s

</td>

<td colspan="10" width="12.5%">2010s

</td>

<td colspan="6" width="7.5%">2020s

</td></tr>

<td width="1.25%">9

</td>

<td width="1.25%">9

</td>

<td width="1.25%">9

</td>

<td width="1.25%">9

</td>

<td width="1.25%">9

</td>

<td width="1.25%">9

</td>

<td width="1.25%">9

</td>

<td width="1.25%">5

</td></tr>

<td style="background-color:#E0E0E0">Owner

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0D0C0"><a href="David_Wickins" title="David Wickins">David Wickins</a>

</td>

<td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0D0C0"><a href="General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0D0C0"><a href="Romano_Artioli" title="Romano Artioli">Romano Artioli</a>

</td>

<td colspan="21" style="background-color:#C0D0C0"><a href="Proton_Holdings" title="Proton Holdings">Proton Holdings</a>

</td>

<td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0D0C0"><a href="Geely" title="Geely">Geely</a>/Etika

</td></tr>

<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="Sports_car_racing" title="Sports car racing">Sports racer</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Eleven" title="Lotus Eleven">Eleven</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="16" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Seven" title="Lotus Seven">Seven</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_2-Eleven" title="Lotus 2-Eleven">2‑Eleven</a>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_3-Eleven" title="Lotus 3-Eleven">3‑Eleven</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<td rowspan="1" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="Roadster_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadster (automobile)">Roadster</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Elise#Series_1" title="Lotus Elise">Elise</a>

</td>

<td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Elise#Series_2" title="Lotus Elise">Elise</a>

</td>

<td colspan="11" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Elise#Series_3" title="Lotus Elise">Elise</a>

</td>

</td></tr>

<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">Coupé</a>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Elite#Type_14_(1957–1963)" title="Lotus Elite">Elite</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Exige#Series_1" title="Lotus Exige">Exige</a>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Exige#Series_2" title="Lotus Exige">Exige</a>

</td>

<td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Exige#Series_3" title="Lotus Exige">Exige</a>

</td>

<td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Emira" title="Lotus Emira">Emira</a>

</td></tr>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Europa" title="Lotus Europa">Europa</a>

</td>

<td colspan="12" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Esprit#S1_(1976)" title="Lotus Esprit">Esprit</a>

</td>

<td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Esprit#X180_(1988)_and_derivatives" title="Lotus Esprit">Esprit</a>

</td>

<td colspan="11" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Esprit#S4_(1994)_and_derivatives" title="Lotus Esprit">Esprit</a>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Europa_S" title="Lotus Europa S">Europa S</a>

</td>

<td colspan="12" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Evora" title="Lotus Evora">Evora</a>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0D0C0"><a href="Lotus_Evija" title="Lotus Evija">Evija</a>

</td></tr>

<td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="Grand_tourer" title="Grand tourer">Grand tourer</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Elite#Types_75_and_83_(1974–1982)" title="Lotus Elite">Elite</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Eclat" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Eclat">Eclat</a>

</td>

<td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Excel" title="Lotus Excel">Excel</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<td style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Saloon</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Lotus_Cortina#Mk1" title="Lotus Cortina">Cortina</a>

</td>

<td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="Lotus_Cortina#Mk2" title="Lotus Cortina">Cortina</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="Lotus_Carlton" title="Lotus Carlton">Carlton</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C0D0C0"><a href="Lotus_Emeya" title="Lotus Emeya">Emeya</a>

</td></tr>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0D0C0"><a href="Lotus_Eletre" title="Lotus Eletre">Eletre</a>

</td></tr>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="forced-color-adjust: none; background-color:#C0D0C0; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric</a></b></span></li></ul>

</td></tr>

</tbody></table></div>

<th style="text-align:right; padding:0.5em">Racing cars

</th>

<li><a href="Lotus_E23_Hybrid" title="Lotus E23 Hybrid">E23 Hybrid</a></li></ul>

</td></tr>

<th style="text-align:right; padding:0.5em">Related cars

</th>

<ul><li><a href="Caterham_7" title="Caterham 7">Caterham Seven</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotus_Cortina" title="Lotus Cortina">Ford Cortina Lotus</a></li>

<li><a href="Chrysler_Sunbeam#Sunbeam_Ti_and_Sunbeam_Lotus" title="Chrysler Sunbeam">Talbot Sunbeam Lotus</a></li>

<li><a href="DMC_DeLorean" title="DMC DeLorean">DeLorean</a></li>

<li><a href="Hennessey_Venom_GT" title="Hennessey Venom GT">Hennessey Venom GT</a></li>

<li><a href="Westfield_Sportscars" title="Westfield Sportscars">Westfield Sport</a></li>

<li><a href="Isuzu_Piazza" title="Isuzu Piazza">Isuzu Piazza</a></li>

<li><a href="Chevrolet_Corvette_(C4)#ZR-1_(1990–1995)" title="Chevrolet Corvette (C4)">Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotus_Carlton" title="Lotus Carlton">Opel Lotus Omega/Vauxhall Lotus Carlton</a></li>

<li><a href="Opel_Speedster" title="Opel Speedster">Opel Speedster/Vauxhall VX220</a></li>

<li><a href="Tesla_Roadster_(first_generation)" title="Tesla Roadster (first generation)">Tesla Roadster</a></li>

<li><a href="Proton_EMAS" title="Proton EMAS">Proton EMAS</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotus-Radford_Type_62-2" title="Lotus-Radford Type 62-2">Lotus-Radford Type 62-2</a></li></ul>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th style="text-align:right; padding:0.5em">Concept cars

</th>

<li><a href="Lotus_Elan#2013_Elan_show_car" title="Lotus Elan">Elan Concept</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotus_Elite#Elite_concept" title="Lotus Elite">Elite Concept</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotus_Elise#Elise_Concept" title="Lotus Elise">Elise Concept</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotus_Ethos" title="Lotus Ethos">CityCar</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotus_Eterne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Eterne">Eterne</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotus_Emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Emotion">Emotion</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotus_Esprit#Background" title="Lotus Esprit">Esprit M70</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotus_Esprit#Styling_concept_(2010)" title="Lotus Esprit">Esprit Concept</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotus_Ethos" title="Lotus Ethos">Ethos</a></li>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th style="text-align:right; padding:0.5em">Future cars

</th>

</td></tr>

<th style="text-align:right; padding:0.5em">Key figures

</th>

<ul>

<li><a href="Romano_Artioli" title="Romano Artioli">Romano Artioli</a></li>

<li><a href="Dany_Bahar" title="Dany Bahar">Dany Bahar</a></li>

<li><a href="Len_Terry" title="Len Terry">Len Terry</a></li></ul>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th style="text-align:right; padding:0.5em">Group Lotus

</th>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lotuscars.com/">Official website</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotus_Cars" title="Lotus Cars">Lotus Cars</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotus_Cars#Lotus_Engineering" title="Lotus Cars">Lotus Engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Team_Lotus" title="Team Lotus">Team Lotus</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotus_F1" title="Lotus F1">Lotus F1</a></li></ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173007#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1129" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173007#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1129" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081475112">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/67263426">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/202487">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgRTybp3HPVkHPG6Bctrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118870971">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85254074">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12044581f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12044581f">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118870971">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-11" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Colin_Chapman&oldid=1299900189">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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